{"id":385,"date":"2016-09-09T08:22:51","date_gmt":"2016-09-09T08:22:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/?p=385"},"modified":"2021-03-27T13:50:34","modified_gmt":"2021-03-27T13:50:34","slug":"bunkering-refuelling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/2016\/09\/09\/bunkering-refuelling\/","title":{"rendered":"Bunkering (refuelling)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_video link=&#8221;https:\/\/vimeo.com\/473795701&#8243;][vc_column_text]Most ships have a conventional engine that propels the vessel, and several generators that provide electricity for the variety of electrical and electronic machinery and equipment.<\/p>\n<p>Some ships do not have a main engine but several generators that produce electricity to drive electric motors that propel the ship. Electricity is also used for the ship\u2019s electrical machinery and electronic equipment.<\/p>\n<p>Larger ships use the following fuel :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Heavy Fuel OIL (HFO)<\/em><\/strong> is used in the ship\u2019s main engine. HFO comes in various grades depending on the ship\u2019s engine:\n<ul>\n<li>IFO 380- Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes (&lt;3.5% sulphur)<\/li>\n<li>IFO 180- Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 Centistokes (&lt;3.5% sulphur)<\/li>\n<li>LS 380- Low-sulphur (&lt;1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes<\/li>\n<li>LS 180- Low-sulphur (&lt;1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 Centistokes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Marine Gasoil (MGO a more refined product\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>is used in the main engine of some ships, and\/or in generators that produce electricity for the variety of uses aboard a ship, such as electronic systems, lighting, pumps, cranes, air conditioning, winches, refrigeration, opening and closing of hatchcovers, and other uses of electricity.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Marine Diesel Oil (MDO)<\/em><\/strong> is used in ships\u2019 generators.<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Lubricating Oil (\u201cLubes\u201d)<\/em><\/strong> comes in various grades and is used to lubricate machinery on the ship.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ships bunker from bunker points in the wharf or from bunker barges or from road tankers although these can deliver relatively small amounts at a time.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_296\" style=\"width: 847px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-296\" class=\"wp-image-296 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_1.jpg\" alt=\"bunkers_1\" width=\"837\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_1.jpg 837w, https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_1-300x119.jpg 300w, https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_1-768x304.jpg 768w, https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_1-260x103.jpg 260w, https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_1-50x20.jpg 50w, https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_1-150x59.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 837px) 100vw, 837px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-296\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A log carrier bunkering in Durban during a voyage from West Africa to Asia. <em>Photograph : Brian Ingpen<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>In some sheltered anchorages, ships bunker from bunker barges (or other small tankers) while at anchor. This operation is called ship-to-ship bunkering, Singapore, for example, is a major ship-to-ship bunker port. Some ship-to-ship bunkering occurs in Algoa Bay and occasionally, in the lee of Robben Island or in St Helena Bay. Great care must be taken to avoid accidents while undertaking ship-to-ship bunkering to ensure that no pollution occurs.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_297\" style=\"width: 847px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-297\" class=\"wp-image-297 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_2.jpg\" alt=\"bunkers_2\" width=\"837\" height=\"538\" srcset=\"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_2.jpg 837w, https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_2-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_2-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_2-227x146.jpg 227w, https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_2-50x32.jpg 50w, https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2016\/09\/bunkers_2-117x75.jpg 117w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 837px) 100vw, 837px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-297\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ship-to-ship bunkering operation off the Mozambique coast.\u00a0<em>Photograph : Paulette Mswanganya<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Bunkering is a very important industry, and owners often buy large volumes of bunkers from suppliers to gain a lower price. Careful calculations are also made to determine where a ship should bunker. Factors such as bunker price at various ports (e.g. the loading port or a port along the route that the ship will steam), any potential delay in taking bunkers during a special call, and the range of the ship are taken into account.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_video link=&#8221;https:\/\/vimeo.com\/473795701&#8243;][vc_column_text]Most ships have a conventional engine that propels the vessel, and several generators that provide electricity for the variety of electrical and electronic machinery and equipment. Some ships do not have a main engine but several generators that produce electricity to drive electric motors that propel the ship. Electricity [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19,26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-11-2-2-ship-operations","category-11-2-2-8-bunkering"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=385"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":764,"href":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/385\/revisions\/764"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maritimesa.org\/grade-11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}